Carnival celebration of excess, is traditionally considered the privileged moment of the year in which customary rules are abolished and all smodatezza permitted, and all the roles are reversed and any reversal accepted, every trick is allowed and accepted any and every oddity form of revelry: how to tell the advent of the absolute lack of restraint, during which the man can give vent to all the instincts repressed and humiliated in the rest of the year by social conventions. 
These characters suggest that the carnival represents a celebration of liberation of inhibitions, a kind of disorder allowed the institutions to the moods and institutional anti-subversive cathartically can consume so that, later, the reaffirmation and restoration of the established order. But this function is attributed to the carnival today and impostasi after a long process due to the action of the Church censorship and moralizing on the one hand, to the sociology of desacralizzante other scientist of our time, it is simplistic and misleading with respect to the original meaning of the holiday , its value to the rich anthropological and mythological symbols that it expresses. Opposed in the past by the Church, which considered it an opportunity for unruly behavior deplorable and orgiastic from which the people God had to look, the carnival is in reality a celebration that has its origins and its role in the cosmic religious or archetypal man who leads cyclically to renew the sense of his being in the world, reaffirming the higher order of the cosmos and his right to belong to, as author of that order by means of their ancestors ancestors, those early men, now wrapped in the aura of myth or deity, who introduced the measure in the world order and to replace primeval chaos and created the conditions for the existence of men and their communities. Perhaps there is an influence of the Church in the name of the carnival, where it is true that it derives from the abbreviation of carnes remove from a reading of a sequence, with lavender carnes ("to suspend the food of the flesh") which shall be given in making the Sunday before Lent. To confirm this interpretation, there would be the equivalent terms used in Sicily ( Carnilivari ) and the ancient Tuscan ( carnival, from "leave meat"). More responsive to the original meaning of the term seems rather Fasnacht, used to indicate Saxon countries on the night of Shrove Tuesday and Ash Wednesday, which attests to the best orgiastic carnival riot because derived from a verb, faseln , which means mad, delirious or mad.
Another possible origin of the name can be found in distant Babylonian civilization, where is one of the oldest models of reference of the carnival. In Babylon the feast celebrating the transition from the old to the new year, whose advent corresponded to the vernal equinox. The culmination of that celebration was represented by crossing the city by a ship equipped with wheels, the car naval (from which, therefore, carnival) which towered the statues of the sun and the moon. Escorted by the people cheering, the boat approaching the shrine on wheels of the god Marduk, who, after falling into hell, rose by winning the chaos and restore order in the universe. The path of the car naval symbolizing the journey of the stars from the old to the new year and alluded to the passage of the darkness and confusion produced by the decline in the cosmos of time spent at re-creation and the brightness of the renewed time. During the trip a year dying - and with it the order of the cosmos - dissolved into thin air, causing the regression to the primeval chaos that is determined to reverse the natural, so the man turned into an animal, or in women in child and vice versa, the social inversion, which allowed the slaves to become masters of time reversal, where the dead and living evoked by wearing a mask, could be revived for "reckless" as to the time of their lives and their youth. We meet together here, in essence, the fundamental elements of the carnival, the same that we find, in more or less similar in the Roman Saturnalia, during which the slaves became masters and each license was allowed, but most (such as confirmation of the likely ' origin of the name of party) in the rites celebrated in honor of Dionysus in Greece and Egypt in honor of Isis, marked with parades of floats shaped like a ship, the same battle, moreover, that have been handed down over the centuries until today, as evidenced by the presence of carnival floats in many of our country, from Ivrea in Cento in Viareggio. 
But pointing to the dead return to life we \u200b\u200bhave introduced a key element of the carnival, what gives it its most striking character and bears witness once again the sanctity of the archaic its origins. It is of the custom of wearing the mask, a custom which all scholars of cultural anthropology have pointed out the means adopted by primitive people to communicate with the afterlife. In archaic societies the mask is invariably an ancestor that is, at the same time, a mythical being, a founder of the dynasty of the men who helped to establish together with the rules of existence. It will be precisely these ancestors, brought to the surface due to the masks at the very time when humanity has regressed to the original chaos dying because of the time, to pay to live the life energy superhuman that has already allowed them to set up the natural and social order in the mythical time to re-establish and rebuild and regenerate the new era the very vitality of men, in turn, wear and tear on the time since. Of course there is a danger for the living evoking the dead, whose presence on earth should take just enough to bring to light the power of the underworld, that force which, among other things - let's not forget - it allows the plants to sprout from the seed and the first buds to open up, then marking the launch of a new life cycle of nature. Even the invention of the mask, if you need to materialize symbolically THAT ' from which another man has to draw the energy to renew itself, allowing them to identify with him and reduce it to its scope, is also to keep it at bay, at keep it separate from themselves. By overlaying the image of the 'other your face You have the strength, but at the same time it will be owned, at the risk of not being able to control it. This requires a definitive break between the momentary chaos and a return to usual carnival of life, disruption and dramatic that you configure propitiatory offering of a living being, with whom the souls of the departed, Place, will be returned meekly to the world below. The unbridled joy and orgiastic carnival is so striking conclusion in his putting to death of a scapegoat, the one put to death today is represented symbolically (but originally the sacrifice was undoubtedly a man of flesh and bone) with the burning, or with laceration drowning, a puppet named King of the Mardi Gras or Carnival.
order: "The Sartiglia" Oristano, Carnival in Venice Carnival "Bagoss" on Bagolino; "femminiello" of Zeza in Avellino, a hundred floats, "mamuthones" Mamoiada; carnival Devil Tufara.
Miriam
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